Why do my USB cables only allow charging?

I am running Ubuntu release 22.04.5 Jammy Jellyfish.
When I connect the USB cables to my desktop, they do not see my Galaxy A16 5G phone?

How can that be repaired?

There are a lot of different types of cables out there. Some of them are crappy and only support basic charging. These do not have all of the lines to support data transfer.

They may not even support full speed at charging, because USB Power Delivery needs some data lines to negotiate the amount of power that can be transferred.

So the reason that your Smartphone is not visible to your computer is probably a cheap cable. (Unless your phone's or computer's USB port is defunct)

Try looking for a cable that is complete, which means it has all data lines in the cable. There are devices that can check the capabilities of a cable, but for your purpose you simply need a sufficiently equipped cable with all data lines (by a trustworthy seller).